Free Mongols

Mongolia is the homeland of Genghis Khan and the heartland of the world’s largeｓｔ land empire created by him 800 years ago. The Mongol empire stretched at its greatest extent from Hungary to China and from Russia to Iran, yet the period of its growth and supremacy lasted little more than a century, from Genghis khan’s unification of the Turco Mongol tribes in 1189. Weakened by feuding amongst the descendants of Genghis khan, the Mongol empire soon began to disintegrate.And became 4 parts:


--Golden horde 1240–1502 (Turkish: Altin ordu, Mongolian: Аltan Оrd;
After Batu Khan's death in 1255, the prosperity of his dynasty lasted for a full century until 1359, the territory of the Golden Horde at its peak included most of Eastern Europe from the Urals to the right banks of the Danube River, extending east deep into Siberia. On the south, the Golden Horde's lands bordered on the Black Sea, the Caucasus Mountains)

--Chagadai Khanate 1225–1687 ( the Chagatai ulus from Chagatai Khan's inheritance of the state in 1227 to their removal from power by the Dzungars and their vassals in 1687.
the Khanate extended from the Amu Darya south of the Aral Sea to the Altai Mountains in the border of modern day Mongolia and China)

--IlKhanate 1256–1335 (spelled Il-khanate or Il Khanate (Persian: سلسله ایلخانی, Mongolian: Ил Хан улс), was a Mongol khanate established in Persia in the 13th century, its territories which included present-day Iran, most of Iraq, Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Turkey, and western Pakistan. The Ilkhanate was based, originally, on Chinggis Khan's campaigns in the Khwarezmid Empire in 1219–1224, and founded by Chinggis's grandson, Hulagu.)

--Yuan dynasty 1271–1368 (in chinese Da Yuan,founder Hubilai)


For the next two centuries main land of Mongolia was again the theatre of struggle between tribal alliances,In the mid-16th century Altan Khan of(eastean Mongols)established peace with Ming China and founded Hohhot（today the administrative centre of inner Mongolia.）

Ligden khan. was the last in the dynasty of Mongol Khans who ruled from Chaharia. By the early 17th century the Khans had lost most of their power, and were under pressure from the Manchu in the east. Lingdan Khan died in 1634 on the way to Tibet, in huh nuur. After Ligden Khan's death his son Ejei submitted to the Manchu, who assumed power in Mongolia.

However, the Khalkha Mongols were under growing threat from the *Jungarian*(1) Khanate of the Oirat Mongols to the west and from Manchu expansion to the south-east. In 1644 the Manchus captured Peking and proclaimed the Qing dynasty.

It was Manchu who made the distinction between northern and southern Mongolia,the Mongol lands close to Peking they conquered in 1620s,and outer Mongolia,the Khalkha territory beyond the gobi. Seeing protection from the Jungarian Khanate,the princes of Khalkha made a treaty with the manchus in 1691.The manchus destroyed the Jungarian army,but stationed their own troops in Khalkha. The struggle ended in 1757 with the extermination of the Oirats in Dzungaria, the last of the Mongolian groups to resist vassalage to China (Grousset, 1970: 502-541). Over 200 year both Inner Mongolia and Outer Mongolia were adminstered by manchu governors .
When Qing rule in China collapsed in December 1911,the princes of outer Mongolia declared independence,but the mongols of inner Mongolia to join them was unsuccessful. During the Republic of China era, Outer Mongolia, with Russian support, passed out of Chinese control and became a Soviet satellite. At the same time, Inner Mongolia was reorganized into provinces.


Mongolian Prince Demchigdonrov (1902-1966), however, nearly succeeded in establishing an independent Mongolia. Born as a direct descendent of Genghis Khan, he dedicated his whole life to establish a self-ruling, even an independent Inner Mongolia. On July26th 1933, Demchigdonrov held his first Conference on Inner Mongolian Self-rule, declaring the Inner Mongolian government as a self-ruling government. This self -ruling government lasted until 1945. Manchuria came under the control of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo in 1931, taking the Mongol areas in the Manchurian provinces (i.e. Hulunbuir and Jirim leagues) along. Rehe was also incorporated into Manchukuo in 1933, taking Juu Uda and Josutu leagues along with it. These areas were administered by Manchukuo until the end of World War II in 1945.
In 1937, open war broke out between the Republic of China and Japan. On December 8, 1937, Demchigdonrov declared the independence of the remaining parts of Inner Mongolia, and signed close agreements with Manchukuo and Japan, thereby turning Inner Mongolia to a puppet of the Japanese Empire. with the puppet government's control extending as far west as the Hohhot region. In August 1945, Inner Mongolia was taken by Soviet and Outer Mongolian troops during Operation August Storm. the Soviet-outer Mongolian joint army entered into Inner Mongolia and then the Soviet Union decided the fate of Inner Mongolia. Despite the fact that Inner Mongolians expressed a strong will to be an independent country, or even willing to merge with Outer Mongolia, Joseph Stalin handed Inner Mongolia over to China.

Following the end of World War II, the Chinese Communists regained Manchuria with some Soviet support, and established the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in 1947 following Soviet nationalities policy. Initially the autonomous region included just the Hulunbuir region. Over the next decade, as the communists established the People's Republic of China and consolidated control over mainland China, Inner Mongolia was expanded westwards to include five of the six original leagues (except Josutu League, which remains in Liaoning province), the northern part of the Chahar region, by then a league as well (southern Chahar remains in Hebei province), and the Alashan and Eejine banners. Eventually, near all areas with sizeable Mongol populations were incorporated into the region, giving present-day Inner Mongolia its elongated shape.
Since China’s took over of southern Mongolia, millions of peasants were settled to the Mongolian land. Excessive cultivation encouraged brought to by the warlords turned the great grassland into vast desert. The Mongols, who had totally depended on the grassland to survive, were forced to abandon their homeland and move to remote places. Meanwhile, those who kept the courage to fight for the freedom of their homeland eventually fell under the guns of the invaders and were buried in their beloved land.

On May1st, 1947, the Chinese Communist Party declared their first puppet Autonomous Region--- the current Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region after the PLA took control over most part of the Inner Mongolia. Since then, the Inner Mongolians have suffered the most brutal rule they have ever experienced:

 Over 300,000 Mongols were killed and executed (It was almost 10% of the population at the time) and almost all of the thousands of tibetean Buddhist temples were destroyed during the waves of political movements;

 The Chinese government has settled large number of Chinese people into Inner Mongolia and the Mongols have become an absolute minority in their homeland, For examples: on 1947 there were about one million Mongols in Inner Mongolia, only no more than 1/3 this number of Chinese in Inner Mongolia at that time. But just 6 years later, in 1953, the Chinese population grew to more than 5 million. Today, there are more than 28million Chinese, with more and more coming day by day;

 Wanton agrarian practices by the Chinese settlers have caused severe desertification in Inner Mongolia and the region's ecological balance has been totally destroyed;

 Ever since the first atomic test in 1964, nuclear fall act has been a constant threat to the people of Inner Mongolia. Trees wither, the grasslands are becoming desert, and the people are contracting strange diseases. There are many new cases of people with tricfiomacleses; young girls come down with butterfly brown speckle; and the incidence of strange endocrinopathy, blood cancer, etc. has grown to alarming levels. The list of such illnesses is too numerous to mention them all here. c

 Every time there is a nuclear explosion, people are typically notified by radio on the second day after the detonation has occurred. Sometimes notifications do not come for several months. Even the Japanese, who live far from the detonation sites, have protested against the Chinese government's nuclear experiments. They are worried about environmental pollution in their land, because of the nuclear fallout that is carried there by the wind.

 The Mongolian people, however, who live very near the test sites, must silently endure much more serious levels of atomic pollution. It is sad that these thousands of Mongolian people do not even have the right to protest against this very real threat to their health. They are also not permitted to move to a safer area.

 The Chinese government has used up the abundant natural resources of Inner Mongolia without any compensation to the Mongols. Inner Mongolia is rich in natural resources. Coal and iron are abundant. The land is rich in oil and rare metals. The Bogt（Baotou） steelworks is the second largest factory in the whole country. The output of petroleum is 3.5 million tons per year. The output of coal is about 100 million tons. Every industry and state-run enterprise in Inner Mongolia, no matter what kind-oil, coal, steel, etc.-is controlled by the Chinese. Factories are 90 percent staffed by Chinese with only 10 % or fewer workers who are ethnic minorities. Although Inner Mongolia has rich resources of its own, they are mined by immigrant Chinese and transported to Chinese regions without paying one cent to the locals. In the government, schools, and hospitals 90% of the staff are Chinese. Chinese hold even the cleaning jobs. The Chinese people live in buildings with city water and electricity; but most Mongolian people live in the countryside and in poor conditions. Their houses lack running water and electricity. Their life style resembles that of the Middle Ages. It is no benefits of modernization have reached the Mongol publics who have been forced into a sedentary lifestyle

 As a long-term policy of sinicization, the Chinese government has been forcing the Mongols to learn Chinese language and culture. For example there is only one school which teaches in Mongolian in Hohhot (the biggest city of Inner Mongolia), many youth have lost their own language and more;

 Also as a policy of limiting the Mongol population, the Chinese government has been imposing birth control policy on the Mongols , only allowing a maximum 2 children for one family;

 Fearing of the Mongols’ opposition to their rule, the Chinese government has been cracking down on any tiny signs of "separatist" activities. They put thousands of Mongols into jail simply by accusing them of being "counterrevolutionaries" or " separatists", a crime exclusively designed for minorities;

 Under the Chinese government’s slogan of “Political stability is the top priority", southern Mongolia has become the most backward region;

It is very clear that Inner Mongolia was never a part of China and, in fact, China never fairly treated the Mongols of southern Mongolia as a part of their own people.






BUYAN.BADRAL
Badralt77@yahoo.co.uk




＊Jungarian : Dzungaria is named after a Mongolian kingdom which existed in Central Asia during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It derived its name from the Dzungars, who were so called because they formed the left wing (züün, left; gar, hand) of the Mongolian army. It was raised to its highest pitch by Kaldan (also known as Galdan Boshigtu Khan) in the latter half of the 17th century, but completely destroyed by the Qing government about 1757-1759. It has played an important part in the history of Mongolia and the great migrations of Mongolian stems westward.
In 1911, its territory fell partly to the Qing Empire (Xinjiang also known as East Turkestan, and north-western Mongolia) and partly to Russian Turkestan (provinces of Semirechye and Semipalatinsk).